News and Developments: Mental Retardation

Upcoming Arkansas Execution In Doubt Because of Lethal Injection Problems and Clemency Recommendation

A state judge in Arkansas has thrown further doubt on whether the upcoming execution of Frank Williams will be carried out on September 9 because the state did not follow proper procedures in adopting its lethal injection protocol.  Pulaski County Circuit Judge Timothy Fox barred the Arkansas Department of Correction from using the protocol in its execution of Frank Williams, Jr. because the new execution procedures should have been subject to public comment before implementation.

After 27 Years on Death Row, California Man's Sentence Reduced to Life

California prosecutors and defense attorneys recently agreed that Calvin Coleman, Jr., a man sentenced to death for murder in 1980, is mentally retarded and therefore exempt from capital punishment. After the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2002 decision that declared execution of mentally retarded individuals unconstitutional (Atkins v. Virginia), California modified its laws in 2005 to conform to the ruling. Coleman is the first person about whom both the prosecution and the defense agreed that he met the conditions.

Arkansas Parole Board Recommends Life Without Parole for Mentally Disabled Man

In a 4-3 vote, the Arkansas Parole Board recommended that Frank Williams' death sentence be commuted to life without parole. The Board had received petitions for clemency from 13 state, national, and international organizations and developmental disabilities experts which concluded that Mr. Williams suffers from mental retardation based on his sub-average adaptive functioning and the diagnosis of psychological experts.

Mental Retardation Group Pleads for Clemency for Mentally Disabled Man in Arkansas

Arkansas’ leading advocacy organization for people with mental retardation, Arc Arkansas, delivered a letter to Governor Mike Beebe and the Arkansas Parole Board urging clemency for Frank Williams, Jr. because of his mental retardation. He is scheduled for execution on September 9 and the Arkansas Parole Board is holding a clemency hearing on his case on August 4. The letter notes that executing a mentally retarded person is unconstitutional based on both Arkansas’ 1993 statutory ban and the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2002 ruling in Atkins v. Virginia.

VA Governor Commutes Death Sentence of Mentally Ill Man

WaltonVirginia Governor Timothy Kaine commuted the death sentence of Percy Walton (pictured) to life in prison without parole. Kaine cancelled the execution, scheduled for 9pm on June 10, because “one cannot reasonably conclude that Walton is fully aware of the punishment he is about to suffer and why he is to suffer it”. The Governor found “that Walton’s clemency petition presented significant evidence that Walton had schizophrenia, that such a mental illness can cause serious deterioration of mental competence, and that Walton’s mental state had deteriorated since 2003 such that there was more than a minimal chance that Walton no longer knew why he was to be executed or was even aware of the final punishment he was about to receive.”

After over two years of tests and observation, the Governor found that “Walton differs in fundamental ways from other death row offenders. He lives in a self-imposed state of isolation that includes virtually no interest in receiving or understanding information.” The Governor added, “While he was not insane at the time of his crimes, there are strong indications that his mental illness started prior to the murders." He also cited recent evidence of Walton's possible mental retardation. The Governor cited the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Ford v. Wainwright that “forbids the execution of those who are unaware of the punishment they are about to suffer and why they are to suffer it.”

NEW RESOURCES: Sentence Reversals in Mental Retardation Cases

Prof. John Blume of Cornell University Law School has compiled the cases in which an inmate's death sentence was reduced because of a finding of mental retardation. His research revealed 83 such reversals since 2002. In Atkins v. Virginia (2002), the U.S. Supreme Court held that it is unconstitutional to apply the death penalty to defendants with mental retardation. The Court did not, however, establish a definition for mental retardation or determine the procedures for proving a claim of retardation. Some states have not yet passed legislation to determine this process. Litigation continues six years after the Atkins decision regarding the possible retardation of those on death row.

Prof. Blume's research includes the race and gender of the defendant and of the victims in the underlying murder, the existence of IQ scores where known, the limitations on daily functioning exhibited by the inmate, and the legal source supporting the finding of retardation.